Residential building decarbonization and climate change resiliency largely depend on building envelope systems to sustain energy performance. The aim of this study is to comparatively assess three envelope systems: a conventional wood stud wall, a structural insulated panel (SIP) wall, and a cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall in terms of their environmental performance, thermal resilience, and moisture durability. The systems were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA), hygrothermal modeling, and energy simulations of two conditions that can be considered representative of climate change: long-term building performance, and short-term extreme weather events. Thermal resilience was assessed using a power failure disturbance event during summer in Bristol, Rhode Island, which representants both increased heat stress and grid vulnerability in coastal cities under climate change. CLT was found to have the lowest embodied carbon and highest moisture durability, while SIPs had the highest thermal performance and shortest installation time. The baseline system, although most common in the current, underperformed across all three categories. These results highlight the potential for material systems to impact both energy performance and occupant health during climate change-related power outages and extreme weather. To address Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health, sustainable cities, and climate, the analysis in this study is extended with qualitative considerations of each system for social and economic feasibility, and circularity at the end of life. Prefabricated wall systems were found to have an advantage for installation time and construction waste, while CLT was most favorable for long-term carbon storage and reuse of materials. SIP systems, while efficient in operation, are a challenge for recycling at end of life due to the foam cores. Analysis of wall systems through circular evaluation mechanisms alongside performance benchmarking reveals how building materials can create housing structures that achieve climate-neutral operations while being climate-resilient and centered on human well-being.